適異教學的定義
適異教學是一種教學理念，認為若老師能根據學生的學習能力、興趣和學習狀況來調適學習環境、學習內容、學習過程及學習成果，學生的學習表現則更為理想。適異教學的目標旨在能讓每個學生發揮其最大的學習潛能，並獲得最佳的學習成果(Santangelo & Tomlinson, 2012; Tomlinson, 2005) 。
適異教學的理論基礎
根據Tomlinson的理論，教師可透過以下四個方面施行適異教學，包括：學習環境 (Learning Environment) 、學習內容 (Content) 、學習過程 (Process) 及學習成果(Product)。有關理論及策略詳見以下闡述：
Santangelo, T. & Tomlinson, C. A. (2012). Teacher Educators’ Perceptions and Use of Differentiated Instruction Practices: An Exploratory Investigation. Action in Teacher Education, 34:4, 309-327.
Sousa, D. A. & Tomlinson, C. A. (2018). Differentiation and the brain: How neuroscience supports the learner-friendly classroom (2nd Edition). Bloomington, IN: Solution Tree Press.
Tomlinson, C. A. (2001). How to differentiate instruction in mixed-ability classrooms (2nd ed.). Alexandria, VA: Association for Supervision and Curriculum Development.
Tomlinson, C. A. (2003). Fulfilling the promise of the differentiated classroom: Strategies and tools for responsive teaching. Alexandria, VA: Association for Supervision and Curriculum Development.
Tomlinson, C. A. (2005). Grading and Differentiation: Paradox or Good Practice? Theory into Practice, 44(3), 262–269.
Tomlinson, C. A. (2005). Quality Curriculum and Instruction for Highly Able Students. Theory into Practice, 44(2), 160–166.
Tomlinson, C. A. & Allan, S. D. (2000). Leadership for differentiating schools and classrooms. Alexandria, VA: Association for Supervision and Curriculum Development.
Tomlinson, C. A. & Eidson, C. C. (2003). Differentiation in practice: A resource guide for differentiating curriculum (Grades 5-9). Alexandria, VA: Association for Supervision and Curriculum Development.
Tomlinson, C. A. & Imbeau, M. B. (2010). Leading and managing a differentiated classroom. Alexandria, VA: Association for Supervision and Curriculum Development.
Tomlinson, C. A. & Moon, T. R. (2013). Assessment and student success in a differentiated classroom. Alexandria, VA: Association for Supervision and Curriculum Development.
Westman, L. (2018). Student-driven differentiation: 8 steps to harmonize learning in the classroom. Thousand Oaks, California: CORWIN A SAGE Publishing Company.
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